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By Raymond L. Niblock I have been invited to conduct a CLE session at the Washington County Bar Association, focusing on a continuing legal education (CLE) topic titled Anatomy of a Personal Injury Mediation from the Mediator’s Perspective. My goal is to provide practical insights to help attorneys and parties to prepare for and navigate mediation more effectively. I am excited about this opportunity, as personal injury mediation presents a distinctive approach to resolving disputes outside the courtroom. This post breaks down the mediation process specific to personal injury lawyers and highlights what experienced mediators look for, and offers strategies for presenting your case to increase the chances of a successful resolution. Understanding the Role of the Mediator Mediators are neutral facilitators who guide parties toward a mutually acceptable resolution. Mediators do not decide the outcome. Instead, they help clarify issues, identify interests, and encourage open communication. From a mediator’s perspective, the goal is to: Create an environment for honest dialogue Help parties understand each other’s positions and concerns Identify realistic settlement options Manage emotions and keep discussions productive Preparing for Mediation: What Matters Most Preparation for mediation should be as thorough as trial prep, but the focus is different. The focus shifts from an adversarial fixation on "winning" through argument toward communication and strategy that support the best possible negotiated outcome. For the lawyer, key preparation steps include: Understanding the client’s goals beyond monetary recovery alone. What are their priorities? Closure, speed, or preserving relationships? Gathering clear, concise evidence that supports your client’s position. Anticipating the other side’s arguments and preparing responses that acknowledge their concerns while reinforcing your case. Developing a realistic settlement range based on case strengths, weaknesses, and comparable outcomes. This preparation allows you to present a focused, persuasive case that respects the mediation process. Presenting For Mediation Effectively The way you present your case can influence the mediator’s understanding and the opposing party’s willingness to negotiate. Consider: Avoid grandstanding. Rather, outline your client’s position and key facts. Avoid legal jargon and focus on the story behind the case. Use visuals or summaries to highlight critical evidence, such as medical records or accident reports, making complex information easier to digest. Address weaknesses openly, don’t ignore them. This builds credibility and shows you understand the case’s full picture. Be mindful of tone and body language. Stay calm and professional, even if discussions get tense. These approaches help keep the mediation constructive and increase the chance of reaching an agreement. Managing Emotions and Conflict Personal injury cases often involve strong emotions for the plaintiff. Pain, frustration, and financial stress can make negotiations difficult. The defense side of these cases are nearly always driven by data rather than emotions. Mediators watch for emotional triggers and try to defuse tension. Attorneys can support this by: Acknowledging emotions. Validate your client’s feelings but steer conversations back to facts and solutions. Encouraging respectful communication. Taking breaks if discussions become heated. Using the mediator as a buffer to relay difficult messages or proposals. Handling emotions well can prevent breakdowns and keep mediation moving forward. Common Challenges and How to Overcome Them Some common hurdles in personal injury mediation include: Unrealistic expectations about case value or outcomes Misdirected anger and lack of trust Incomplete information or surprises during mediation Strong personalities dominate discussions Lack of intent to settle or ulterior motives To address these: Set expectations early with your client about what mediation can realistically achieve. Build rapport with the mediator and opposing counsel to foster trust. Share relevant information in advance to avoid surprises. Use the mediator to manage dominant personalities and keep the process balanced. Being proactive about these challenges improves the chances of a successful mediation. Tips for Working with the Mediator Building a good relationship with the mediator can make a big difference. Keep these in mind: Be honest and transparent about your case strengths and weaknesses. Respect the mediator’s role and suggestions, even if you disagree. Use private caucuses strategically to explore options confidentially. Listen carefully to mediator feedback; they often have valuable insights from experience. A cooperative approach helps the mediator guide the process smoothly. When Mediation Might Not Work Mediation is not always the right choice. Cases with extreme power imbalances, parties unwilling to negotiate, phantom authority, or urgent legal deadlines may require other approaches. If mediation fails, consider: A recess, not adjournment - keep the lines of communication open Inviting a mediator’s proposal Understanding mediation’s limits helps set realistic goals. Mastering personal injury mediation means understanding the mediator’s perspective and adapting your approach accordingly. Preparation, clear communication, emotional management, and collaboration with the mediator all contribute to better outcomes. Whether you are an attorney or a party involved in mediation, these insights can help you navigate the process with confidence and skill. If you want to deepen your knowledge, consider attending a CLE course, such as the one offered by the Washington County Bar Association. Practical learning from experienced mediators can transform how you approach personal injury cases and improve your chances of success. Raymond L. Niblock Raymond L. Niblock, CRT 2025-10 Niblock Mediation Services 479-346-7719 References:

Raymond L. Niblock (left) and Van Thomas Currell (right), Co-Mediators By Raymond L. Niblock, Founder & Principal Mediator, Niblock Mediation Services Not every mediation turns on emotion. Recently, I mediated a dispute involving alleged damage to a commercial building and the resulting loss of business income. At its core, the case was about numbers—specifically, how to interpret financial data tied to lost net profits. The gap between the parties was significant. Each side viewed the same data through a different lens, and both were headed toward a costly battle of experts if the case proceeded. Economists, accountants, and rebuttal experts would ensure the expenses would mount quickly, with no guarantee of a better outcome. The plaintiff, a highly educated business owner, had already worked with multiple attorneys. He was understandably frustrated. But as the mediation unfolded, something important became clear: this was not a case that required emotional ventilation to move forward. The Value of Co-Mediation In negotiations, the most valuable insight is not always the loudest voice in the room. In this mediation, a colleague— Van Thomas Currell —joined me. His background spans decades in high-level real estate development and project management, along with formal training in counseling and mediation. Although he was technically in a shadow role, his contribution proved decisive. At a key moment, he helped me see something I had not yet fully appreciated: the plaintiff did not need to vent. He was not driven by emotion in the way many parties are. He was driven by the numbers and his attachment to his financial model and what he believed those numbers proved. The insight Van provided me counseled a change of course. Instead of continuing down a path that would have taken more time, we shifted directly into cognitive engagement by testing assumptions, examining how a jury might receive competing interpretations, and working closely with counsel to recalibrate expectations. Without that intervention, we likely would have spent another hour or more trying to unlock movement through a method that did not fit the party. This is where co-mediation shows its value. Even when one mediator is not leading the room, the additional perspective from a focused observer can accelerate understanding, sharpen strategy, and create efficiencies that materially affect the outcome. In this case, that perspective was strengthened by a long personal and professional history. Van and I have known each other for nearly four decades. We have worked together before, and there is a level of trust and communication that allows for quick, candid course correction. At the same time, our differing backgrounds, his in industrial/organizational psychology, mine in trial law, bring distinct lenses to the same problem. That combination proved powerful, and with co-mediation, the dynamic between co-mediators is a vital ingredient in bringing value and efficiency to the process. Managing Risk on Both Sides On the defense side, the insurance carrier had placed substantial trust in its counsel to resolve the matter within a defined authority range—a practice that, while less common today, can be highly effective when done correctly. Their position was evidence-driven, as expected. But, as in many cases involving financial projections, the evidence was not as one-dimensional as it first appeared. Part of the mediator’s role is to ensure that both sides have a clear-eyed view of risk. Here, that meant helping the defense recognize that the plaintiff’s interpretation, while disputable, had potential traction with a jury. There was more than one way to frame the numbers, and that ambiguity carried real exposure. Using Brackets Strategically Brackets allow parties to signal movement before committing to final positions. Because the parties were so far apart, traditional offer-and-demand exchanges were unlikely to gain traction early. In this case, I made a deliberate decision to introduce bracketed negotiations sooner than I typically would. Lawyers, and even mediators, can misunderstand brackets. Used poorly, they can become a substitute for meaningful negotiation. Used thoughtfully, they can communicate range, intent, and movement, especially when the gap is wide. Here, they served their purpose. Rather than anchoring the discussion to unrealistic opening positions, the brackets conveyed actionable information. Each side began to understand not just where the other stood, but where they might realistically land. From there, the distance narrowed quickly. Empowering Counsel During the Process Another important feature of this mediation was the role of counsel. At several points, I pulled the lawyers aside to test positions before presenting them in the room. This served two purposes. First, it allowed counsel to evaluate strategy without being locked into a position prematurely before their client. Second, it preserved and, in some instances, strengthened the lawyer-client dynamic. Mediation works best when lawyers are empowered rather than sidelined. By giving counsel space to think, adjust, and choose how to present movement, they were able either to lean on the mediator when needed or to take the reins themselves to maintain credibility with their clients. That flexibility often makes the difference between resistance and progress. Efficiency Through Adaptation The result was a resolution in half a day. Absent the shift in approach—recognizing what the plaintiff actually needed, incorporating the co-mediator’s insight, and deploying brackets at the right time—this mediation could easily have stretched into a full day or ended in impasse. Instead, it moved with purpose. Takeaway The best outcomes come from knowing what the moment requires, beginning with rigorous preparation, but ensured by keen observation. Mediation is not a one-size-fits-all process, and it shouldn’t be. Some cases require space for emotion. Others require disciplined engagement with data. The key is recognizing which is which and adapting in real time. This case reinforced three points: Co-mediation, even in a supporting role, can create real efficiency and better outcomes Strategic flexibility, especially in how and when tools like brackets are used, matters Empowering counsel strengthens the process and improves the likelihood of resolution Not every case settles. But when the process is tailored to the people and the problem, the odds improve significantly. An Afterthought about Co-Mediation in Complex Cases Not every case requires co-mediation. Most probably do not. But cases with high-acuity emotions, financial modeling, technical evidence, or entrenched positions often benefit from a co-mediation approach that brings multiple professional perspectives to the table. Complex cases often benefit from a carefully structured mediation process. If you’re evaluating timing or approach, I’m always available for a confidential pre-mediation consultation. Contact me: ray@niblockmediationservices.com | 479-346-7719 Learn more about our NMS team and approach:👉 https://www.niblockmediationservices.com/meettheteam Learn more about Van Thomas Currell:👉 HOME | Inure

Why experienced, professionally committed mediators deliver better outcomes than casual neutrals. By Raymond L. Niblock Not long ago, I had a conversation with a lawyer on the other side of a case. Good lawyer. Capable. Smart. At one point, he mentioned, almost in passing, “I’ve mediated once or twice. It was kind of fun.” There was nothing offensive about the comment. But something was revealing. It carried an unspoken assumption I have encountered more than once: that mediation is simple and that anyone can do it. That mediation in a civil context is, at its core, mostly little more than moving numbers back and forth until the parties meet in the middle. That assumption is not just incomplete. It is costly. The Misconception: Mediation as Message-Carrying When mediation is reduced to strictly numbers, opportunity is often lost. Many lawyers’ experience with mediation, especially early in their careers, looks something like this: The mediator goes from room to room Numbers are exchanged Some pressure is applied By late afternoon, either the case settles, or it does not In that model, the mediator functions as a courier. A go-between. A facilitator of arithmetic. And if that is all mediation is, then yes—almost anyone can do it. But that is not mediation at its highest level. Not even close. What Untrained Mediation Looks Like When mediation is approached casually or by someone who does not treat it as a disciplined practice, you tend to see predictable patterns: Little to no pre-mediation preparation Minimal understanding of the case beyond surface-level facts No meaningful effort to test assumptions on either side Overreliance on “splitting the difference” Frustration when parties do not respond to pressure In those settings, outcomes are often left to chance or are overlooked altogether. If the numbers happen to align, the case resolves. If they do not, the day is written off as “too early” or “not the right case.” But therein hides another problem: positions will oftentimes harden after a failed mediation. What a Skilled Mediator Does The work of mediation begins with listening, not numbers. A professional mediator—one who is trained, experienced, and committed to the craft—approaches a mediation with a broader vision, informed by thorough preparation, because preparation is foundational. A skilled mediator comes to the table having: Studied the pleadings, key records, and damages framework Identified pressure points on both sides Considered how each party is likely valuing risk Developed a strategy for moving the case, not just numbers In many cases, he has called an interviewed counsel for each party in advance to inquire whether there is anything special about the case or the parties that isn’t in the mediation statement And once the mediation begins, the work goes far beyond carrying offers. A good mediator: Listens deeply Tests assumptions without alienating counsel Identifies gaps in information that are blocking resolution Helps parties realistically evaluate risk—legal, factual, and human Uses timing, tone, and sequencing deliberately Knows when to push, when to pause, and when to reframe This is not mechanical work. It is judgment. And judgment, as every trial lawyer knows, is often earned the hard way by experience. Mediation as a Discipline The real work of mediation happens long before the room. The best mediators do not treat mediation as something they do occasionally. Of necessity, it must become their professional identity, which means: Constant training and continuing education Continuous refinement of technique Thoughtful attention to process Respect for neutrality as a role—not a slogan A genuine commitment to helping parties reach a durable resolution It also means understanding something many litigators intuitively grasp but do not always articulate: Mediation is advocacy—but of a different kind. Not advocacy for one side, but advocacy for resolution. The Role of Trial Experience Trial experience informs judgment—but it does not replace mediation skill. There is no question that trial experience is an asset because a mediator who has tried cases understands: The way juries think and the genuine possibility of them disregarding jury instructions when making a decision The actual presentation of evidence in a courtroom The distinction between theoretical arguments and actual risk The reality is that skilled lawyers have lost cases they were expected to win, while others have won cases they were expected to lose - highlighting the unpredictability of outcomes The visible and hidden costs of conducting a trial for those financing it, or the clients who must accept the outcome That perspective can be invaluable in helping parties evaluate their positions. All this said, trial experience alone is not enough. Being a good trial lawyer does not automatically make someone a good mediator, just as being a good mediator does not require having tried dozens of cases or even being a lawyer, for that matter. The difference lies in how seriously the role is taken and in the mediator’s ability to see the issues and listen well enough to guide the parties in becoming the architects of their own solution. Why This Matters The right resolution is rarely accidental. At the end of the day, mediation is not just about whether a case settles. Much must be considered about how a settlement is reached, at what cost, and at what future cost it avoids . A skilled mediator can: Shorten the path to resolution Reduce unnecessary litigation expense Help parties avoid the trap of positional entrenchment Identify the real drivers of settlement or obstacles to resolution Create outcomes that hold, rather than unravel later Address an impasse that seems impossible - by keeping the parties talking The Quiet Truth Most lawyers prepare meticulously for trial. They master the facts. Refine their arguments. Anticipate weaknesses. Develop a strategy. Mediation requires the same level of seriousness. And so does the choice of mediator. Because when mediation is done well, it is not a detour from the litigation process. It is one of the most powerful tools within it. Final Thought There is nothing wrong with being new to mediation. Everyone starts somewhere. But there is a difference between trying mediation  and committing to it as a profession . Litigants and counsel who recognize that difference and choose their mediator accordingly give themselves a measurable advantage. Not just in reaching a settlement. But in reaching the right one. If you are considering mediation, thoughtful preparation—and the right neutral—can make all the difference. Raymond L. Niblock, Founder and Principal Mediator Call for a free pre-mediation consultation 479-346-7719 “If you are considering mediation, I am always available to discuss whether the case is ready and how to approach it.”

Five Signs It May Be Too Soon — and How Lawyers Can Prepare for a Successful Settlement By Raymond L. Niblock Founder & Principal Mediator Niblock Mediation Services Every trial lawyer has experienced it. You arrive at mediation prepared to negotiate seriously, only to discover that the other side does not have the information or the authority to evaluate the case meaningfully. The plaintiff may still be treating. Key depositions may not have been taken. The insurance adjuster’s reserve may have been set months earlier based on incomplete information. The mediator shuttles between rooms. Numbers move slightly. By late lunchtime, everyone is beginning to see the obvious: The case was not ready. Early mediation can be extremely valuable in many cases, saving substantial time, expense, and uncertainty. But experienced litigators know something important: A mediation scheduled before the parties have enough information to value the case intelligently can cost more and push a case that could settle further into litigation. The real question is not whether to mediate. The question is when: Is the case ready? Why Timing Matters in Personal Injury Cases Unlike many commercial disputes, personal injury cases develop over time. Medical treatment evolves. Diagnoses change. Permanency opinions emerge months after the injury. Wage loss and future damages may take time to document. Mediating too late, and the parties have too much invested in the case, where the settlement envelope is too narrow, and the monetary risk has already been expended. Mediating too early risks inviting excessive and often unnecessary investment. Until a personal injury case is ripe for mediation, the parties may be evaluating entirely different versions of the same case. Plaintiff’s counsel may reasonably believe the injuries will justify substantial damages once the medical picture is complete. Defense counsel may be working from early records suggesting something far less serious. When those two perspectives meet in mediation before the facts have fully developed, the valuation gap can be enormous and sometimes too wide to bridge. Five Signs a Case May Not Be Ready for Mediation Every case is different, but experienced litigators often recognize several warning signs that mediation may be premature. 1. Medical treatment is still ongoing If a plaintiff is still being treated or surgical decisions remain unresolved, both sides may be guessing about the true scope of damages. 2. Key depositions have not been taken Liability disputes often hinge on testimony that has not yet been locked down. 3. Insurance reserves have not been reevaluated Insurers frequently set early reserves based on limited information. Until those reserves are adjusted, meaningful settlement authority may not exist. 4. Expert opinions are still developing Permanency opinions, vocational rehabilitation opinions, life-care plans, or causation opinions often drive valuation in injury cases. 5. The parties appear to be valuing different cases Perhaps the clearest sign that mediation is premature is when each side appears to be evaluating an entirely different case. Why Insurance Settlement Authority Sometimes Isn’t There Many mediations stall not because the parties are unwilling to negotiate, but because the insurer has not yet adjusted its internal evaluation of the claim. Inside most insurance claim files, settlement authority is influenced by three working numbers: an initial reserve, an adjusted reserve, and settlement authority. These numbers rarely move without facts driving the change. The Initial Reserve When a claim is first opened, the insurer sets an initial reserve based on limited information such as the police report, early medical records, and preliminary statements. At that stage, the insurer has only a rough estimate of exposure. The Adjusted Reserve As litigation develops, the reserve may be reevaluated. Adjustments often occur when insurers receive information such as: deposition testimony affecting liability are there unresolved dispositive motions pending whether comparative fault is going to diminish the value of the plaintiff’s claim diagnostic imaging confirming injury surgical recommendations causation and permanency opinions expert reports addressing medical causation loss of earning capacity or wage loss evidence Because adjusters must often justify reserve increases to supervisors or claims committees, documented evidence matters. Settlement Authority The most important number for mediation is settlement authority : the amount the adjuster has been authorized internally to pay to resolve the claim. The lawyer defending the case may or may not know what this number is. The adjuster may or may not disclose that number to the lawyer or the mediator until the "final" figure is reached. Authority typically reflects: the current reserve defense counsel’s evaluation policy limits venue risk internal approval thresholds experience of the adjuster handling the claim If authority has not been adjusted to reflect the case’s true exposure, the mediation may stall despite the mediator’s efforts. Discovery That Helps Mediation Work Discovery is often what allows insurers to justify reserve adjustments and meaningful settlement authority, and strategic discovery replaces speculation with evidence. Several discovery tools can be particularly useful before mediation. Requests for admission  can narrow disputed issues and authenticate records unless the parties can reach a stipulation. Depositions  often influence case valuation - are the witnesses credible? How well does either party present? How will a jury perceive them? Testimony from a defendant, eyewitness, or treating physician may significantly affect trial risk. Targeted written discovery  can clarify damages claims and document economic losses. Expert opinions  frequently have an impact. Life-care plans, vocational analyses, and medical causation opinions translate injuries into trial-ready damages evidence. When this information is exchanged before mediation, negotiations are grounded in facts rather than assumptions. Put simply, mediation works best when both sides are negotiating about the same case. Five Things That Almost Always Move the Insurance Number Lawyers often ask what developments most frequently cause insurers to reevaluate settlement authority. While every case is unique, certain developments routinely prompt insurers to increase reserves or authorize higher settlement ranges. 1. A causation opinion When a treating physician offers a supported causation opinion, the exposure becomes clearer, especially if an injury is proven to have a permanent impact. 2. Surgery A credible surgical recommendation supported by medical records can dramatically change case valuation. 3. A key deposition Deposition testimony that strengthens liability or reveals a problematic witness can significantly impact trial risk. 4. A credible expert reports Life-care plans, vocational assessments, and economic loss opinions translate injuries into a concrete damage analysis. 5. Venue-specific verdict exposure When insurers confront credible verdict data from the jurisdiction where the case will be tried, settlement authority often changes accordingly. The “Mediation Before the Mediation” Lawyers sometimes hesitate to raise concerns with the mediator before a scheduled mediation session. In my experience, that hesitation is unnecessary. If you suspect the case may be scheduled too early, tell the mediator. If you represent the defense and believe the insurer may not yet have sufficient authority to negotiate meaningfully, that information is useful. If you represent the plaintiff and believe additional medical information, depositions, or expert opinions are necessary, that conversation should happen early. One approach I encourage is what might be called “the mediation before the mediation.” Before the formal session occurs, the mediator can help identify what information the parties need to evaluate the case realistically. In some situations, the mediator may facilitate informal exchanges of key information or encourage targeted discovery that will make mediation more productive. Used this way, the mediator becomes not merely a neutral on the day of mediation, but also a resource for preparing the case. Hence, the negotiation has the best chance of succeeding. A Practical Question Before Scheduling Mediation Before setting mediation in a personal injury case, counsel might ask a simple question: Do both sides have enough information to value the case realistically? If the answer is yes, mediation may succeed immediately. If the answer is no, mediation may still be worthwhile—but the goal may shift from immediate settlement to identifying the path toward resolution once the missing information is developed. Either way, timing matters. And the most productive mediations often begin well before the mediation session itself. Download: “Preparing a Personal Injury Case for Mediation — A Practical Checklist for Counsel.”

By Raymond L. Niblock, Founder & Principal Mediator, Niblock Mediation Services For most lawyers, HR directors, and insurers, mediation is still viewed as something that occurs after  a dispute has matured—after pleadings are filed, discovery is underway, and positions have hardened. In many cases, that timing makes sense. But in others, waiting that long is precisely what makes disputes more expensive, more personal, and harder to resolve. Large, risk-averse institutions have confronted this problem directly. One of the more instructive examples comes from an unexpected place: the United States Air Force . What Large Institutions Have Learned About Timing The Air Force’s mediation program, as reflected in its Mediation Compendium (4th ed.) , offers a disciplined, experience-driven approach to early and pre-complaint mediation—not as a reflex, but as a strategic option deployed when timing and circumstances are right . The Compendium explains that early mediation often succeeds because disputes at that stage tend to be: less formal, less polarized, and less driven by sunk costs. Before parties invest heavily in positional advocacy—through pleadings, discovery, or internal escalation—there is often more room for problem-solving and creative resolution.¹ At the same time, the Air Force is explicit about a concern many lawyers share: parties may hesitate to resolve disputes early if they believe critical facts have not yet emerged or that they lack sufficient information to evaluate risk.² In other words, early mediation is not mandated simply because it is early. It is encouraged when it is useful. Early Mediation Does Not Foreclose Later Resolution One of the most practical insights in the Air Force guidance is its recognition that early mediation failures do not preclude later success . An unsuccessful mediation attempt at an early stage does not waive rights, lock in positions, or prevent mediation from working later once facts have crystallized.³ That point is especially important for lawyers and insurers who worry about “showing their hand too early.” Institutional experience suggests that early mediation can serve as a diagnostic tool —clarifying issues, surfacing misunderstandings, and narrowing disputes—even when it does not immediately resolve the case. Corroboration from the Legal Community Legal scholarship and bar-association experience largely reinforce the Air Force’s approach. A 2020 article in the Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution  examined early mediation programs across multiple jurisdictions and concluded that early mediation, particularly when flexible opt-out mechanisms are used, can reduce litigation costs and improve resolution rates.⁴ The article emphasizes that timing matters , but that delay often increases expense without meaningfully improving outcomes. Similarly, the Michigan Bar Journal  has documented successful pre-litigation mediation programs, particularly in civil and employment disputes, where mediation occurs before a complaint is filed . These programs report higher settlement rates, lower transaction costs, and greater participant satisfaction—especially when parties retain the option to pursue litigation if mediation fails.⁵ Other practitioner-focused commentary has emphasized that mediation is most effective when it is intentional and deliberately designed , rather than ad hoc or reflexive.⁶ Where Caution Is Warranted Experience, both institutional and private, also confirms an important limitation: some disputes cannot be resolved too early . Cases involving incomplete information, unsettled liability theories, or evolving damages may require a period of development before meaningful negotiation is possible. In those matters, premature mediation can feel performative rather than productive. The key is not choosing between early  or late  mediation as a matter of philosophy, but exercising judgment about readiness , informed by: clarity of the underlying facts, degree of positional entrenchment, cost trajectory of continued conflict, and the human or organizational toll of delay. A Practical Takeaway What the Air Force and the broader legal community demonstrate is not that mediation should always occur early, but that timing is a strategic decision , not a default. For lawyers, HR directors, and insurers, the question is not whether  mediation should occur, but when  it is most likely to alter the dispute’s trajectory. In many cases, earlier intervention—before positions harden and costs multiply—offers the greatest opportunity for resolution. In others, waiting until issues crystallize may be the wiser course. The value lies in having the experience to tell the difference. Endnotes U.S. Department of the Air Force, Air Force Mediation Compendium , 4th ed. (Washington, DC: Department of the Air Force, 2012), 10–11 , https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AFNC/dispute-resolution/AF-Mediation-Compendium-4th-Ed-2012.pdf . Ibid. , 11 (noting party concerns regarding insufficient information at early stages). Ibid ., 11 (explaining that unsuccessful early mediation does not bar later resolution). Adam Noakes, “Mandatory Early Mediation: A Vision for Civil Lawsuits Worldwide,” Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution  36, no. 3 (2020): 410, esp. 428. Martin I. Reisig, “Hold the Lawsuit: Pre-Litigation Mediation Resolves Disputes,” Michigan Bar Journal  (December 2016): 20–22, https://www.michbar.org/file/barjournal/article/documents/pdf4article3012.pdf . Tracy L. Allen, “Engineering Dispute Resolution Processes in Advance,” Michigan Bar Journal  (August 2016), https://www.michbar.org/file/barjournal/article/documents/pdf4article2929.pdf .

By Raymond L. Niblock What is Civil Mediation? Civil mediation is a process in which a neutral third party, called a mediator, assists individuals or groups in resolving disputes outside of the courtroom. This method is commonly used in civil cases, such as contract disputes, personal injury claims, and family matters, but it can be used in many other contexts as well. Key Features of Civil Mediation Voluntary Process: Participation in mediation is typically voluntary, meaning both parties agree to engage in the process. Neutral Mediator: The mediator does not take sides or make decisions for the parties; instead, they facilitate communication and help explore potential solutions. Confidentiality: Discussions during mediation are confidential, allowing parties to speak freely without fear of their statements being used against them later in court. Cost-Effective: Mediation can be less expensive and quicker than traditional litigation, making it an attractive option for resolving disputes. Control Over Outcome: Parties have more control over the resolution, as they can negotiate terms that work for both sides. Benefits of Civil Mediation Civil mediation can lead to mutually agreeable solutions, preserve relationships, and reduce the emotional and financial toll associated with lengthy legal battles. It is often seen as a constructive way to resolve conflicts amicably.

By Raymond L. Niblock Not every case can be settled; some must be tried in court, and that is simply a fact of life. However, most cases can—and should—be settled. Even the most experienced trial lawyers will admit this when they’re honest. Every case presents its own set of problems, challenges, and complications. When settlement is possible, especially through mediation, it provides an opportunity to address the issues in the case and reach a resolution that takes into account the risks on both sides, ultimately leading to a settlement. With that said, there are some cases that are destined for a courtroom. Sometimes the stakes are so high or the nature of the disagreements between the parties so irreconcilable that there is only one answer: a trial. And I’d be lying if there is not a sense of satisfaction in taking a righteous cause to the courtroom. I’ve been there, but as the trial lawyer, I didn’t pay the price—my client did. Clients always pay the price. Win or lose, trials exact a heavy toll on a client when there are principles so important that parties must go for broke, as it were. However, I have come to believe that a settled case almost always yields the better outcome for the litigants. And that outcome isn’t always measured by money. Settlements can provide a sense of closure and certainty for all parties involved, even when the case seems at the outset one of those that "will never settle." A negotiated settlement offers something a trial doesn't: control over the outcome in the hands of the litigants, rather than abandoning control to a jury. When it comes to resources, settled cases save time and money, avoiding the lengthy, often costly trial process. The unpredictability of a jury’s decision can create significant anxiety for both plaintiffs and defendants, making settlement an appealing option. Moreover, settlements can foster a spirit of cooperation and compromise, allowing parties to maintain relationships that the adversarial nature of litigation might irreparably damage. In many instances, the emotional toll of a trial can be considerable, and settling a case can alleviate some of that stress, providing a more amicable resolution. In conclusion, while some cases inevitably require a trial to achieve justice, it is often the settled cases that yield the most significant benefit for all involved, illustrating the value of negotiation and compromise in the legal process.

Why Civil Mediation Settles So Many Cases — and What That Means for You By Raymond L. Niblock In the realm of civil litigation— encompassing torts, personal injury, and commercial disputes—one of the most compelling features of mediation is its strong record of achieving settlements . Many lawyers, mediators, and judges quote a figure of roughly 85 percent  of cases submitted to mediation ending in resolution. But how reliable is that number? What does the evidence actually show about settlement rates—and what does it mean for parties considering mediation? Getting parties together resolves claims and settles cases. The Evidence for a High Settlement Rate Several studies and practitioner reports confirm that mediation achieves settlement in a large majority of cases, although the actual rate depends on the case type, forum, and methodology. Federal Litigation Context (Eisenberg & Lanvers, 2009). In a landmark empirical study of roughly 3,300 federal district-court cases, Theodore Eisenberg and Charlotte Lanvers found an overall settlement rate of 66.9 percent , with substantial variation by subject matter. Tort cases settled most often—approaching 85–87 percent  in some districts—while constitutional torts and employment discrimination claims settled far less frequently. The authors cautioned that the “often-quoted 85–95 percent” figure for civil-case settlements is misleading when applied across all federal filings; however, tort litigation indeed demonstrates the highest settlement propensity.¹ Practitioner Observation (Sussman 2008). In an address at Fordham Law School, mediator and arbitrator Edna Sussman  observed that “ settlement rates in mediation are said to be on the order of 85–90 percent ,” reflecting widespread practitioner experience rather than a formal statistical study. Her paper, The Final Step: Issues in Enforcing the Mediation Settlement Agreement,  underscored the rapid growth of mediation in the United States and Europe and examined how mediated settlements are enforced—as contracts, judgments, or arbitral awards.² International Empirical Evidence (Kaiser et al. 2023). A 2023 peer-reviewed longitudinal study of 303 court-connected mediations in Germany  reported that 85%  of cases reached an agreement, and  91%  of parties confirmed the settlement in follow-up surveys.³ The authors, Philipp Kaiser, Gerhard Eisenkopf, Anja M. Gabler, and Felix L. B. Lehmann, also found that one-year compliance and satisfaction rates declined modestly (to about 65–75 percent), indicating that mediation succeeds overwhelmingly at resolution but that long-term satisfaction varies. Mandatory Court Mediation (Flynn & Kirgis, 2024). By contrast, a 2024 empirical study of mandatory mediation  in the Missoula Justice Court (Montana) revealed more modest results. Brock Flynn and Paul F. Kirgis found that while 55 percent  of cases reached an initial agreement, only 40 percent  remained settled without further court involvement. Remote mediations yielded slightly lower durable rates, and cases involving represented tenants settled far less frequently—raising concerns about fairness in mandatory, small-claims contexts.⁴ The authors concluded that compulsory mediation may enhance docket efficiency but yields lower long-term success than voluntary programs. Mediation works. Plain and simple. What We Don’t Know—and Why It Matters Although these studies collectively affirm that mediation resolves most civil disputes, several cautions apply: Aggregation hides variation. Settlement likelihood depends heavily on case type, representation, and forum. Federal data understate private mediation. Eisenberg and Lanvers analyzed court filings, not private mediations, so overall settlement rates in private practice may indeed approach the higher end of reported figures. Practitioner statistics are descriptive, not empirical. Sussman’s 85–90 percent figure reflects broad professional experience rather than a controlled study. Program design influences outcomes. As Flynn and Kirgis demonstrate, mandatory or low-value cases tend to settle less often and with weaker durability. What This Means for Tort, Injury, and Commercial Mediation Taken together, these findings support using a benchmark of roughly 75–90 percent  as a credible estimate for civil mediation settlement rates. In tort and personal-injury cases—where damages are quantifiable and both sides face litigation risk—rates near the upper range (80–90 percent) are common. Commercial and contract disputes exhibit similarly high resolution rates, driven by a focus on cost control and the preservation of relationships. Eisenberg and Lanvers’ federal analysis corroborates this pattern: torts settle most readily, followed by contract cases, then employment and civil-rights claims.¹ Why the Rates Are So High Several structural and behavioral factors explain mediation’s success: Willingness to negotiate:  Parties who choose mediation are typically predisposed to settle. Facilitation and realism:  Skilled mediators help participants assess the strengths, weaknesses, and litigation risks of their cases. Timing:  Mediation often occurs before positions harden, preventing escalation. Autonomy:  The process offers parties greater control and confidentiality than court adjudication. Cost and risk avoidance:  The financial and emotional incentives to resolve disputes without trial are powerful motivators. A high settlement rate is a compelling reason to consider mediation before submitting a case to a judge or jury. How to Use These Statistics in Practice When advising clients, attorneys, or insurers, these figures provide a realistic benchmark: “Empirical studies show that mediation in civil disputes typically results in settlement in the range of 75 to 90 percent—many sources cite an average of about 85 percent.” The caveats can also be explained: the rate depends on case type, stage of litigation, mediator skill, and whether participation is voluntary. Eisenberg and Lanvers’ 2009 analysis found that settlement rates averaged 67 percent overall , with tort cases approaching 85–90 percent —figures that, while lower than the popular 85 percent claim, remain strikingly high compared to trial resolution.¹ The bottom line is that mediation consistently offers far higher odds of resolution, lower costs, and greater satisfaction than litigation. Endnotes Theodore Eisenberg and Charlotte Lanvers, “What Is the Settlement Rate and Why Should We Care?,” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies  6 (2009): 111–146, https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/203/ . Edna Sussman, “The Final Step: Issues in Enforcing the Mediation Settlement Agreement,” Fordham Law School Conference on Mediation (2008), https://sussmanadr.com/docs/Enforcement_Fordham_82008.pdf . Philipp Kaiser, Gerhard Eisenkopf, Anja M. Gabler, and Felix L. B. Lehmann, “Qualities and Long-Term Effects of Mediation,” Negotiation and Conflict Management Research  16, no. 2 (2023): 132–164, https://doi.org/10.34891/2022.612 . Brock Flynn and Paul F. Kirgis, “The Efficacy of Mandatory Mediation in Courts of Limited Jurisdiction: A Case Study from the Missoula Justice Court,” American Journal of Mediation  17 (2024), https://scholarworks.umt.edu/faculty_lawreviews/223 .

Breaking Through an Impasse: How Skilled Mediation Turned a Deadlocked Construction Dispute Into a Bittersweet but Wise Resolution By Raymond L. Niblock When two parties reach an impasse, progress can feel impossible. An impasse — a point at which negotiations stall and neither side is willing to move — often leads to escalating frustration, hardened positions, and the growing belief that litigation is inevitable. Egos are engaged at full tilt. Yet a deadlock does not have to be the end of the road. Skilled mediation can turn even entrenched disputes into opportunities for clarity, understanding, and resolution. This article examines how one mediator overcame a deadlock using effective strategies, as demonstrated by a real construction contract case in which an apparently unresolvable standoff was eventually settled through a bittersweet yet logical walk-away agreement. Understanding the Impasse An impasse occurs for many reasons, such as when disputing parties feel constrained by goals, values, or expectations that appear incompatible with any solution. Egos and the feeling of powerlessness also fuel impasses. Impasses can arise in any mediation involving conflicts of all sorts: workplace conflicts, community disputes, family disagreements, and negotiations in civil cases. Why Impasses Happen Emotional investment: Strong feelings can cloud judgment and entrench positions. Miscommunication: Parties often misunderstand one another’s intentions or needs. Lack of trust: Suspicion or past conflict makes cooperation difficult. Power imbalances: One side may feel marginalized or unheard. Unrealistic expectations: Parties may seek outcomes that the other side cannot or will not provide. Professional egos: a party’s representative can often be more vested in the outcome than the client. Recognizing these forces helps mediators tailor their approach to the specific dynamics of the deadlock. The Mediator’s Role in Breaking a Deadlock A mediator is a neutral professional who facilitates dialogue and guides parties toward voluntary agreement. Unlike a judge or arbitrator, a mediator does not impose decisions. Instead, they help parties understand their own interests, evaluate risks, and explore practical solutions. Key functions include: Creating an atmosphere conducive to an open discussion Clarifying issues and identifying misunderstandings Reaching a shared understanding of the facts Encouraging empathy and perspective-taking Generating and evaluating options Managing heightened emotions Building trust and promoting candor Assess the real-world outcomes of various solutions Reality-testing if the situation goes to court These tools transform impasse from a barrier into a starting point. Case Study: A Construction Dispute Reaches an Early Impasse A recent turnkey home-construction dispute illustrates these dynamics vividly. The homeowners had terminated the contractor’s services, believing the contract allowed termination with advance notice, and they withheld payment. The contractor sued for payment, and the homeowners counterclaimed for breach, asserting non-performance. They wanted their money back despite the contractor’s assertions that work had already been performed—including permitting and early development tasks. Tensions ran high. Within the first hour of mediation, the homeowners’ attorney announced that “there will be no deal that involves any money going from the homeowners to the contractor.” Full stop. What next? That statement drew a clear—and risky—line in the sand. It also ignored the homeowners’ exposure to the contractor’s pending breach-of-contract claim. But the lawyer’s hands were tied. His clients were angry, and it was boiling over. At face value, the negotiation appeared to be over before it began. What followed demonstrates the quiet power of mediation, because what the mediator saw was something entirely different. What he saw was two warring parties who both stood to pay more to lawyers than their claim, much less any counterclaim, was worth, all the while risking severe downside exposure to the losing party’s attorney’s fees. Practical Mediation Strategies Used to Break the Impasse 1. Reframing the Conflict Instead of confronting the positional stalemate head-on, the mediator reframed the dispute (and bought some time and space to see if there was a way around the potential impasse). The conversation shifted from: “Who is right?” “Who should pay?” to: “What is driving each party’s frustration?” “What will litigation cost compared to settlement?” “What possible paths remain?” This reframing opened emotional and analytical space for progress. 2. Active Listening and Separate Sessions Through private caucuses, the mediator learned that: The homeowners felt ignored, dismissed, betrayed, and wronged during the project. The contractor felt blindsided and professionally disrespected. These emotional truths weren’t in the pleadings—but they were central to the dispute. 3. Separating People From the Problem The mediator focused discussions on behaviors, expectations, and contract provisions rather than on personal attacks, asking questions, and allowing the party to answer, often without interference from the lawyer. This lowered defensiveness and improved clarity. 4. Identifying Underlying Interests Both parties shared an interest in: Avoiding the further expense of unpredictable litigation Protecting financial stability Preserving reputations Ending a conflict that had consumed significant emotional energy Avoiding the potential of “loser pays” fee shifting These shared interests became the foundation for resolving the issue. 5. Lawyers-Only Caucus: A Crucial Turning Point Removing the lawyers to a caucus separate from the clients allowed counsel to evaluate the situation candidly without the pressure to advocate and sabre-rattle: Likely mixed outcomes at trial Significant fee-shifting exposure Litigation costs that would easily reach tens of thousands of dollars A disputed dollar amount far smaller than the cost of proceeding This candid analysis pointed to the only rational path forward, especially with a mediator who can view the situation with the experience of being a veteran trial lawyer. The Settlement: A Bittersweet but Rational Walk-Away Ultimately, the parties agreed to a true walk-away: The contractor dropped its claim for unpaid amounts. The homeowners dismissed their damages claim. No money exchanged hands. Each side saved substantial future legal expense. The solution was bittersweet: neither side received the vindication they believed they deserved. Yet both gained something far more valuable: Resolution Face-saving dignity Emotional closure Protection from staggering litigation costs The protection of mediation confidentiality and non-disclosure Walk-away settlements are sometimes perceived as losses. In reality, they often reflect wisdom, courage, and clarity. Building Skills for Future Impasses Mediation doesn’t just resolve one conflict—it equips parties and counsel with tools for future negotiations. Every mediation prepares the mediator for the next one by reinforcing: Effective communication skills Emotional regulation Problem-solving mindsets Interest-based negotiation Respect for differing perspectives These skills reduce the likelihood of future deadlocks and build stronger relationships. Final Thoughts: Impasse Can Be a Beginning, Not an End An impasse can feel like a wall too high to climb. But with skilled mediation, that wall can become a stepping stone. By reframing the conflict, listening deeply, identifying interests, and evaluating risks, mediators help parties see possibilities where none seemed to exist. In the construction dispute described above, the only viable path forward was a bittersweet walk-away. Yet it was also the wisest, most economical, and most dignified resolution available, saving the parties tens of thousands of dollars in future attorneys’ fees and the potential of devastating fee-shifting consequences. Sometimes the most successful settlement is not the one where someone wins — but the one where everyone stops losing.

By Raymond L. Niblock Introduction Every mediator eventually encounters a case that ends abruptly. When that happens early—before offers are exchanged or meaningfully considered—it can feel unsettling for everyone involved. Lawyers may view the decision as irrational. Parties may experience it as morally necessary. Some mediator’s may view it as a failure on their part. From this mediator’s perspective, however, these moments often reflect something more fundamental: a temporary loss of capacity for deliberative decision‑making . This article blends mediation practice, conflict theory, and neuroscience to explain why some mediations cannot continue in the moment, why termination may be ethically required, and how mediators and lawyers can respond constructively when a party becomes emotionally dysregulated. A Familiar Mediation Scenario The mediation underlying this discussion involved a same‑sex divorce with relatively conventional legal issues: classification of property, allocation of debt, and the possibility of an unequal division based on circumstances within the marriage. One party was prepared to move forward with negotiations, but the other party felt deeply wronged and sought financial redress for perceived inequities during the marriage. Before the mediation could meaningfully unfold to explore the underlying feelings, one party who felt "wronged" abruptly terminated the process—without responding to an initial offer. From a legal standpoint, the decision was improvident and impulsive. From a neurobiological standpoint, it was predictable, if not inevitable. Amygdala Hijack: What the Science Says The term “amygdala hijack,” popularized by Daniel Goleman, describes a rapid neurological process in which the brain’s threat‑detection system overrides the prefrontal cortex. Joseph LeDoux’s foundational research demonstrates that emotional responses can bypass conscious cognitive processing entirely. When a person experiences perceived threat—such as injustice, humiliation, loss, or fear—the amygdala activates first. Stress hormones flood the system, neural resources shift away from the prefrontal cortex, and the brain prioritizes defense over deliberation. Why Reasoning Fails Under Emotional Flooding Neuroscientist Amy Arnsten has shown that stress hormones directly impair prefrontal cortex functioning, weakening working memory, impulse control, and cognitive flexibility—the very capacities mediation depends on. Under conditions of uncontrollable stress, the brain’s regulatory systems are effectively taken offline. A dysregulated party may appear articulate or resolute, yet remain neurologically incapable of evaluating risk or compromise. How Long the Brain Needs to Recover Contrary to common assumptions, emotional regulation does not immediately restore judgment. Bruce McEwen’s research demonstrates that stress hormones can impair cognition long after outward calm returns. Judgment impairment often persists for 24–48 hours, and full neurochemical regulation may take several days. Mediator’s Proposals and Re‑Engagement Offering a mediator’s proposal after termination aligns with institutional ADR best practices. The U.S. Air Force ADR Program recognizes that effective reality‑testing often requires a period of temporal distance from peak emotional arousal. A structured proposal allows parties to re‑engage once judgment returns—or to decline without coercion. Conclusion Mediation does not fail because emotion appears. It fails only when we pretend emotion does not matter. Sometimes the most responsible thing a mediator can do is recognize when the brain is offline—and wait until it comes back. Endnotes & Sources 1. Morton Deutsch, The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973). 2. Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1995). 3. Joseph LeDoux, The Emotional Brain (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). 4. Amy F. T. Arnsten, Stress Signalling Pathways That Impair Prefrontal Cortex Structure and Function , Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10 (2009): 410–422. 5. Bruce S. McEwen, Physiology and Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation , Physiological Reviews 87 (2007): 873–904. 6. U.S. Air Force ADR Program, Mediation Compendium (2003).

Some Cases Need to Be Tried… By Raymond L. Niblock I was raised in the courtroom. My father was a trial lawyer, and from an early age, I understood that trials were where real advocacy lived. When I came up in the profession, the prevailing wisdom among trial lawyers was simple: “Get your client, your witnesses, and bring your satchel to court.” Raymond L. Niblock during the State v. Anderson death-penalty trial in Washington County (photo by Northwest Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, 2010) If you call yourself a trial lawyer, then get in there—call a witness, ask a question, introduce an exhibit, make your argument. That’s the work. Lawyers don’t decide cases. That’s what judges and juries are for. Even though I’m a mediator, I’m also a trial lawyer, and I still believe that some cases simply need to be tried. Whether because of unsettled law, disputed facts, or a client’s principle that cannot be compromised, there will always be matters that belong in a courtroom. Trial work remains vital to the legal system and to the public’s trust in it. But recognizing that truth doesn’t diminish the importance of mediation. In fact, it enhances it. The vast majority of cases filed in our courts settle before trial—by some estimates, well over ninety percent of them do.¹ In state courts, only about three percent of civil cases are resolved by trial,² and in federal court, the number is closer to one percent.³ As Abraham Lincoln wisely counseled more than a century and a half ago, “Discourage litigation. Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you can. Point out to them how the nominal winner is often a real loser—in fees, expenses, and waste of time.”⁴ Even in cases that are ultimately headed for trial, mediation can help lawyers and their clients narrow the issues, clarify the real disputes, and test the strengths and weaknesses of their positions. Sometimes, a day in mediation can do more to focus a case than weeks of discovery or motion practice. Justice Sandra Day O’Connor put it well: “The courts of this country should not be the places where resolution of disputes begins. They should be the places where the disputes end after alternative methods of resolving disputes have been considered and tried.”⁵ For lawyers, mediation isn’t an alternative to advocacy—it’s another forum for it. A good mediation allows counsel to advocate, persuade, and problem-solve, but in a setting designed to produce resolution rather than verdicts. Some cases need to be tried. Most do not. But every case deserves a fair opportunity to settle—and mediation is where that opportunity lives.   Endnotes 1. See “What Percentage of Lawsuits Settle Before Trial?” The Law Dictionary, 2. Brian J. Ostrom and Neal B. Kauder, Examining the Work of State Courts, 2005: A National Perspective from the Court Statistics Project (Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts, 2006), 22–23. 3. Marc Galanter, “The Vanishing Trial: An Examination of Trials and Related Matters in Federal and State Courts,” Judicature 88, no. 1 (July–August 2004): 1–9. 4. Abraham Lincoln, quoted in “Three Quotations from Lincoln on Conflict Resolution,” Mediate.com , 5. Sandra Day O’Connor, quoted in “Quotes: Collaboration, Settlement & Resolution,” BLC Law Center,